Justinian's Code Corpus Juris Civilis, or Body of Civil Law, which included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors. Instead, he was of common. He was succeeded by Justin II, who was the son of his sister Vigilantia and married to Sophia, the niece of Theodora. [32] Around 525, he married his mistress, Theodora, in Constantinople. The Vandals, after maintaining North African dominance since the fall of the Western Roman Empire, had become content and laid back; their army, despite being twice the size of the 15,000 men commanded by Belisarius, was poorly trained and ill-equipped to deal with an imperial threat. Period of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) history from 518 to 602, The Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent since the fall of the, Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty, Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty&oldid=1139861168, States and territories established in the 510s, States and territories disestablished in the 7th century, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 07:17. [114] Then, in the early 550s, two monks succeeded in smuggling eggs of silk worms from Central Asia back to Constantinople,[115] and silk became an indigenous product. It persisted until 529 AD when it was finally closed by Justinian I. They forced him to dismiss Tribonian and two of his other ministers, and then attempted to overthrow Justinian himself and replace him with the senator Hypatius, who was a nephew of the late emperor Anastasius. Justinian was unable to do anything to resolve the differences. Omissions? It consisted of the various sets of laws and legal interpretations collected and codified by scholars under the direction of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. He reorganized the administration of the imperial government and outlawed the suffragia, or sale of provincial governorships. Byzantine Empire Map under Justinian Justinian I was unquestionably the most famous emperor in the Byzantine Empire. At the Fifth Ecumenical Council, most of the Eastern church yielded to the Emperor's demands, and Pope Vigilius, who was forcibly brought to Constantinople and besieged at a chapel, finally also gave his assent. He was able to reclaim much of the Western Empire during his reign. The Justinian dynasty began with the accession of its namesake Justin I to the throne. Under his immediate predecessors, Italy had been ruled by a barbarian, the Ostrogoth Theodoric, who, though virtually independent, was the nominal representative of the Byzantine emperor. When Justin became emperor in 518, Justinian was a powerful influence in guiding the policy of his elderly and childless uncle, whose favourite nephew he was. He ensured that Justinian received a Classical education and military training. His most notable monument was the Hagia Sophia (537), its name meaning "holy wisdom," an immense church with a massive dome and light filled interior. Justin, who was commander of one of the imperial guard units (the Excubitors) before he became emperor,[23] adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education. Justinian also dispatched Belisarius to settle problems in Africa and Europe. Stanford University Press. Belisarius could do little against the Ostrogoths in Italy. [20][21][22] His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin. The mosaics here are perhaps the greatest of early Byzantine if not all post-Roman mosaics; they do serve as embellishment to reinforce the grandeur of Justinian, perhaps simultaneously last Roman emperor and first Byzantine emperor. Justinian replaced him with Bessas, who was under a cloud after the loss of Rome in 546, but he managed to capture and dismantle Petra in 551. This ended the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 572591. [120] The lack of manpower also led to a significant increase in the number of "barbarians" in the Byzantine armies after the early 540s. History remembers Emperor Justinian for his reorganization of the government of the Roman Empire and his codification of the laws, the Codex Justinianus, in A.D. 534. His commander Belisarius obtained a peace treaty in 531. [51] In 530 the Persian forces suffered a double defeat at Dara and Satala, but the next year saw the defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius near Callinicum. But the truth is, that Justinian was the de-facto ruler, even as early as 518, as Justin was increasingly incapable of rule in the last years of his life. This new cathedral, with its magnificent dome filled with mosaics, remained the centre of eastern Christianity for centuries. They landed at Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) in modern Tunisia. Belisarius rounded up his remaining men and broke the disorganized mass of Vandals. Byzantine Empire: The 6th century: from East Rome to Byzantium. The Justinian Code was law throughout the empire. The Slavs, and later the Bulgars, eventually succeeded in settling within the Roman provinces. They are an important symbol of power and are full of symbolism. The young king Athalaric had died on 2 October 534, and a usurper, Theodahad, had imprisoned queen Amalasuintha, Theodoric's daughter and mother of Athalaric, on the island of Martana in Lake Bolsena, where he had her assassinated in 535. Belisarius went on to capture Carthage, and the Byzantines were victorious.[10]. Justinian is considered one of the most important late Roman and Byzantine emperors. Under the rule of Justinian, many historians would make the argument that Byzantine . [105], Another prominent church in the capital, the Church of the Holy Apostles, which had been in a very poor state near the end of the 5th century, was likewise rebuilt. Justinian was a Roman emperor, although he grew up among the people of the East. He ruled from 527 to 565 and was determined to revive ancient Rome by retaking lands that had been overrun by invaders. controlled the military and made the laws. Securely download your document with other editable templates, any time, with PDFfiller. Then, when Justin died on August 1, 527, Justinian went from joint to sole emperor. On any device & OS. [113] In order to bypass the Persian landroute, Justinian established friendly relations with the Abyssinians, whom he wanted to act as trade mediators by transporting Indian silk to the Empire; the Abyssinians, however, were unable to compete with the Persian merchants in India. On April 4, 527, Justin made Justinian his co-emperor and gave him the rank of Augustus. The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinian's aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. [85] After this, Justinian also felt entitled to settle disputes in papal elections, as he did when he favored Vigilius and had his rival Silverius deported. [2] He fought in the Isaurian and Persian wars and rose through the ranks to become the commander of the Excubitors, which was a very influential position. [Adobe InDesign (.indd); 5078x3248]. Justinian I was an emperor of the Byzantine Empire who reigned from 527-565. The latter holds in Heaven the souls of those whose acts were righteous, yet meant to achieve fame and honor. Maurice ascended the throne and received a bankrupt empire, and this financial state continued until beyond the end of his reign. Justinian is a major character in the 1938 novel Count Belisarius, by Robert Graves. Justinian II is remembered for his brutality as the last Byzantine emperor in the Heraclian dynasty. [citation needed] During this period the city of Rome changed hands three more times, first taken and depopulated by the Ostrogoths in December 546, then reconquered by the Byzantines in 547, and then again by the Goths in January 550. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. Therefore, he launched vast military campaigns. Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine,[37] became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life. [108] Rivalry with other, more established patrons from the Constantinopolitan and exiled Roman aristocracy might have enforced Justinian's building activities in the capital as a means of strengthening his dynasty's prestige. The Plague of Justinian (541-542 CE) was one of the worst plagues in recorded history, arguably bringing two major empires to devastation and affecting numerous societies across Eurasia. Before the matter was resolved, Justinian died, in 565. Justinian hoped to restore the social and economic well-being of Italy by a series of measures, the Pragmatic Sanction of 554. The Goth army then moved to besiege Ariminium, which suffered from lack of food. [23] Most notably, he had the Hagia Sophia, originally a basilica-style church that had been burnt down during the Nika riots, splendidly rebuilt according to a completely different ground plan, under the architectural supervision of Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. Work on the first book, the Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinians elevation in 527. Justinian rule the empire. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [23][28] Justinian remained Justin's close confidant, and in 525 was granted the titles of nobilissimus and caesar (heir-apparent). City after city was captured by the Ostrogoths until only Ravenna, Otranto, and Ancona remained in Byzantine hands. As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture. Finally, a 50 years truce was negotiated, probably at the end of 561; Byzantium agreed to pay an annual tribute of 30,000 solidi (gold coins), and the Persians renounced all claim to the small Christian kingdom of Lazica, an important bulwark against northern invaders. Exploiting this, Justinian ordered all the forces in the East to invade Persian Armenia, but the 30,000-strong Byzantine force was defeated by a small force at Anglon. San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic. She helped. A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states. Many of the Ostrogoths had never submitted, and after the two short and unfortunate reigns of Hildebad and Eraric, they proclaimed Totila (Baduila) as their king in the autumn of 541. Emperor Justinian ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. After a victory at Faenza in 542, they reconquered the major cities of Southern Italy and soon held almost the entire Italian peninsula. Later wars with the Persians did not go well in Syria, resulting in mental illness that drove Justin II to his grave. The Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran ChurchMissouri Synod and the Lutheran ChurchCanada also remember Justinian on 14 November.. Justinian had somewhat neglected the army in the East, and in 540 Khosrow moved into Mesopotamia, northern Syria, and Byzantine Armenia and systematically looted the key cities. Do whatever you want with a Justinian and the Byzantine Empire (video) - Khan Academy: fill, sign, print and send online instantly. Theodora died in 548[36] at a relatively young age, possibly of cancer; Justinian outlived her by nearly twenty years. By then the military situation had turned in favour of the Romans, and in 540 Belisarius reached the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna. [74], Justinian saw the orthodoxy of his empire threatened by diverging religious currents, especially Monophysitism, which had many adherents in the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt. Justinian's ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The first truly strong Byzantine Emperor was Justinianwho ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 CE to 565 CE. He was an ambitious ruler who sought to reclaim much of the territory that the Roman Empire had lost. The Byzantine Empire had its first golden age under the Justinian dynasty, which began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. After this setback, Tiberius ate some bad food, which may have been intentionally poisoned, fell ill, and died. [citation needed], During Justinian's reign, the Balkans suffered from several incursions by the Turkic and Slavic peoples who lived north of the Danube. Either way, just four months after proclaiming his nephew the co-emperor, Justin died on 1 st of August 527, leaving the throne to Justinian - the new emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Gill, N.S. 4.42g, 20mm Helmeted bust of Justinian facing, holding a globus cruciger "DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG" Victory standing, facing, holding a long cross surmounted by "P" and a globus cruciger. The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern Hispania significantly enlarged the area of Byzantine influence and eliminated all naval threats to the empire, which in 555 reached its territorial zenith. See A. D. Lee, "The Empire at War", in Michael Maas (ed.). [49] As a Christian Roman emperor, Justinian considered it his divine duty to restore the Roman Empire to its ancient boundaries. Reverse: Demonation M nummia = 1 follis, Constantinople mint (CON), officinia B, reign . One of the most famous images of political authority from the Middle Ages is the mosaic of the Emperor Justinian and his court in the sanctuary of the church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. Go to lot . Belisarius had been recalled in the face of renewed hostilities by the Persians. The Byzantine Empire had its first golden age under the Justinian dynasty, which began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. In 552, Justinian dispatched a force of 2,000 men; according to the historian Jordanes, this army was led by the octogenarian Liberius. Justinian made the traffic more efficient by building a large granary on the island of Tenedos for storage and further transport to Constantinople. Check out how late Imperial Rome transformed in the centuries from Constantine to Justinian, as it evolved into a new and unique iteration of Roman civilization. Justinian I A Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. Totila also plundered Sicily and attacked Greek coastlines. [8] He engaged the Sasanian Empire in the east during Kavad I's reign, and later again during Khosrow I's reign; this second conflict was partially initiated due to his ambitions in the west. [116], At the start of Justinian I's reign he had inherited a surplus 28,800,000 solidi (400,000 pounds of gold) in the imperial treasury from Anastasius I and Justin I. In the face of considerable opposition from his generals and ministers, Justinian launched his attack on North Africa to aid Hilderich in June 533. Annotated Timeline 1. War broke out again in 540, when Justinian was fully occupied in Italy. The four-book code was completed in stages. As a ruler, Justinian showed great energy. Gill, N.S. He adopted Justinian either before or after he became emperor; hence the name Justin ianus. Emperor Justinian also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal code. As a collection it gathers together the many sources in which the leges (laws) and the other rules were expressed or published: proper laws, senatorial consults (senatusconsulta), imperial decrees, case law, and jurists' opinions and interpretations (responsa prudentium). Justinian II (668/9 - November 4, 711) was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. [111] Within the Empire, convoys sailing from Alexandria provided Constantinople with wheat and grains. His name is used to name the plague that also afflicted him. An unopposed landing was made in August, and by the following March (534) Belisarius had mastered the kingdom and received the submission of the Vandal ruler Gelimer. On the northern frontier in the Balkans the Roman provinces faced continual attacks from barbarian raiders. The overall trend was towards a simplification of administrative infrastructure. alongside his wife, Theodora. He was an Arian and, though at first a tolerant and wise ruler, toward the end of his reign had begun to persecute the Catholics. Angered at this response, Justinian quickly concluded his ongoing war with the Sassanian Empire and prepared an expedition against the Vandals in 533. Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, Tremissis. p. 246. [128][129], In July 551, the eastern Mediterranean was rocked by the 551 Beirut earthquake, which triggered a tsunami. Sep 23, 2021 By Kieren Johns, PhD Classics & Ancient History Justin, who was from a Latin speaking province, spoke little Greek[1] and was mostly illiterate. [122], During the 530s, it seemed to many that God had abandoned the Christian Roman Empire. During this period, the Ostrogoths retook most of Italy. [76], As in his secular administration, despotism appeared also in the Emperor's ecclesiastical policy. Several candidates were nominated but were rejected for various reasons. Under its terms, the Persians agreed to abandon Lazica in exchange for an annual tribute of 400 or 500 pounds of gold (30,000 solidi) to be paid by the Romans.[66]. Justinian's military leaders prevailed and slaughtered 30,000 rioters. Maurice, the fifth and final emperor of the Justinian dynasty, reportedly came from Armenia and began his career in Constantinople as a notarius. Crossword Clue. [citation needed], Although the despotic character of his measures is contrary to modern sensibilities, he was indeed a "nursing father" of the Church. Kenneth G. Holum, "The Classical City in the Sixth Century", in Michael Maas (ed. In the Vandal kingdom of North Africa, Catholics had been subject to frequent persecution. Several centuries later, in 410 AD, a Neoplatonic Academy was established that had no institutional continuity with Plato's Academy, and which served as a center for Neoplatonism and mysticism. Justinian I (/dstnin/; Latin: Iustinianus, Classical Latin:[iustinians]; Greek: Ioustinianos; 482 14 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565. [72] The heavy taxes that the administration imposed upon Italian population were deeply resented. [24], When Emperor Anastasius died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new emperor with significant help from Justinian. [62] He first sacked Beroea and then Antioch (allowing the garrison of 6,000 men to leave the city),[63] besieged Daras, and then went on to attack the Byzantine base in the small but strategically significant satellite kingdom of Lazica near the Black Sea as requested by its discontented king Gubazes, exacting tribute from the towns he passed along his way. [112] Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians. On Theodora's insistence, and apparently against his own judgment,[47] Justinian had Anastasius' nephews executed.[48]. Justinianus was a Roman name that he took from his uncle, the emperor Justin I, to whom he owed his advancement. [59] Under Justinian's rule, measures were taken to counter corruption in the provinces and to make tax collection more efficient. Despite losing much of Italy soon after Justinian's death, the empire retained several important cities, including Rome, Naples, and Ravenna, leaving the Lombards as a regional threat. Rapists were treated severely. As opposed to the rest of the corpus, the Novellae appeared in Greek, the common language of the Eastern Empire. On Justins death on August 1, 527, Justinian became the sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Justinian One emperor was able to restore control over the former lands of the Eastern Roman Empire. From his uncle, Justinian inherited ongoing hostilities with the Sassanid Empire. Justinian was emperor from A.D. 527 to 565. to 1900 A.D.", SchaffHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian, De Imperatoribus Romanis. [54], In 533, Belisarius sailed to Africa with a fleet of 92 dromons, escorting 500 transports carrying an army of about 15,000 men, as well as a number of barbarian troops. Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. There were noxious fumes in the air and the Sun, while still providing daylight, refused to give much heat. In 554, a large-scale Frankish invasion was defeated at Casilinum, and Italy was secured for the Empire, though it would take Narses several years to reduce the remaining Gothic strongholds. In the early 500s, Justina high-ranking military commander in Constantinople (now Istanbul)took Justinian under his wing. Justinian created a set of laws called the Justinian Code. A history of the Byzantine state and society. [92], The worship of Amun at the oasis of Awjila in the Libyan desert was abolished,[93] and so were the remnants of the worship of Isis on the island of Philae, at the first cataract of the Nile. The praetorian prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. The law under Justinian also reveals a striking interest in child neglect issues. The first of the western kingdoms Justinian attacked was that of the Vandals in North Africa. After hard campaigning in the East in the ByzantineSassanid War of 572591, he was promoted to the rank of patricius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [citation needed]. This article is about the Byzantine emperor. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear". Despite these extensive military victories, Maurice was unpopular within the borders of the empire because he always had an empty treasury and often had to reduce payments to his soldiers. After this initial ecclesiastical overhaul, the rest of Justin's reign was relatively quiet and peaceful. W. Pohl, "Justinian and the Barbarian Kingdoms", in Maas (2005), pp. Justinian's wife, Theodora, was the daughter of a bear-keeper father who became bear-keeper to the "Blues" (relevant to the Nika Revolts, below), an acrobat mother, and she herself is considered to have been a courtesan. Justin I was born in a big village, Bederiana, in the 450s CE. Previous Emperors had tried to alleviate theological conflicts by declarations that deemphasized the Council of Chalcedon, which had condemned Monophysitism, which had strongholds in Egypt and Syria, and by tolerating the appointment of Monophysites to church offices. In these and other domestic affairs, Justinian excelled. The religious position of the Monophysites (whom Justinian's wife, Empress Theodora, supported) conflicted with the accepted Christian doctrine from the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451). Free shipping for many products! [82] Justinian protected the purity of the church by suppressing heretics. There was increased strife with the Ostrogothic Kingdom in the Italian Peninsula. (Vasiliev (1952), p. 147). [68] The recovery of Italy cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. While the crowd was rioting in the streets, Justinian considered fleeing the capital by sea, but eventually decided to stay, apparently on the prompting of his wife Theodora, who refused to leave. Justinian was appointed consul in 521, and later as commander of the army of the east. [5] Monophysites and the Orthodox were in conflict over the dual natures of Christ. Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, 527-565 . [9] His reign also marked a blossoming of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) culture, and his building program yielded works such as the Hagia Sophia. Sayers. [55], In this war, the contemporary Procopius remarks that Africa was so entirely depopulated that a person might travel several days without meeting a human being, and he adds, "it is no exaggeration to say, that in the course of the war 5,000,000 perished by the sword, and famine, and pestilence. Early in his reign, Justinian had appointed the quaestor Tribonian to oversee this task. Procopius' book On Buildings [De aedificiis] describes Justinian's building projects that included aqueducts and bridges, monasteries, orphanages, hostels, and the Hagia Sophia, which still stands in Constantinople/Istanbul. [121] The protracted war in Italy and the wars with the Persians themselves laid a heavy burden on the Empire's resources, and Justinian was criticized for curtailing the government-run post service, which he limited to only one eastern route of military importance. 85-99). ThoughtCo. The Byzantine senate, meanwhile, gathered in the great hall of the palace. On 26 December 537, according to Pseudo-Codinus, Justinian stated at the completion of this edifice: "Solomon, I have outdone thee" (in reference to the first Jewish temple). Failure to keep them out is one of the criticisms sometimes made against Justinian. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Justinian was responsible for his various reforms that he implemented that had a lasting effect on the empire even after his passing. The recovery of Africa cost the empire about 100,000 pounds of gold.[59]. Dr. Patrick Hotle a decorated and award winning historian and professor discusses the amazing and important history of the Byzantine Empire and the ancient city of Constantinople. Gill, N.S. Tribonian's code ensured the survival of Roman law. Byzantine Empire. Dorothy L. Sayers, Paradiso, notes on Canto VI. Emperor Justinian wanted to have the same glorious days as the Roman Empire in the Ancient Age. There was also a disputed succession to the throne after the aged Vandal king Hilderich, who had been in alliance with Constantinople and had ceased persecution of the Catholics, was deposed in favour of Gelimer in 530. Autocrat ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/byzantine-roman-emperor-justinian-118227. See Geoffrey Greatrex, "Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century" in Michael Maas (ed.). Justinian's rule was not universally popular; early in his reign he nearly lost his throne during the Nika riots, and a conspiracy against the emperor's life by dissatisfied businessmen was discovered as late as 562. He gave his support to Khosrow II[18] in Persia, and he succeeded in gaining the throne. Another contemporary historian, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander. : D N IVSTINI - ANVS PP AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, holding globe cruciger and decorated shield, Rev. In 518 Justin ascended the throne of the Byzantine Empire. These wars of reconquest had a dramatic impact on the Byzantine . The Sasanian Empire, likewise, resumed hostilities with the Byzantines, and the Iberian War began in the east; which would not reach its conclusion until the reign of Justinian. [63], Belisarius arrived in the East in 541, but after some success, was again recalled to Constantinople in 542. . Estimate. King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrendered the next spring. [59], Throughout Justinian's reign, the cities and villages of the East thrived, although Antioch was struck by two earthquakes (526, 528) and sacked and evacuated by the Persians (540). [64] ", "The Date, Dedication, and Design of Sts. [9], He then set about satisfying his dream to rebuild the Roman Empire. He was known for his military conquests, expansion of the empire, codification of law, and patronage of architecture . 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Its magnificent dome filled with mosaics, remained the centre of Eastern for... Justin was proclaimed the new emperor with significant help from Justinian Ravenna, Otranto, and in 540, Justin... Bulgars, eventually succeeded in gaining the throne Justinian died, in the great hall of the Vandals 533! That of tyrannical emperor Domitian, although he grew up among the people of the Iberian peninsula, the. In 531 [ 76 ], Belisarius arrived in the emperor Justin I was an ambitious ruler who sought reclaim. 530S, it seemed to many that God had abandoned the Christian Roman Empire in the Sixth Century '' Michael... Also dispatched Belisarius to settle problems in Africa and Europe ate some food! ) in modern Tunisia Around 525, he then set about satisfying his dream to rebuild the Roman Empire its... On Canto VI made the traffic more efficient by building a large granary on the Byzantine Empire had first! 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