Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". shizoku rebellion. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. Soon, Saigo was Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira's closest adviser, consulting other national figures on affairs including the shogunal succession. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Ravina, Mark. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. ThoughtCo. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. Corrections? Public apprehension found free expression in the Press, which said that the nation was divided into two parties, one being for the Government, the other for Satsuma, and asked what could be done to preserve peace. Officially, the Meiji Emperor's government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." [citation needed]. imported from Wikimedia project. Instance of. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. Rather than risk desertions or defections, Tani decided to stand on the defensive. Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. What will you do when your traditional way of life is threatened by a powerful force in your native lands? Monumenta Nipponica The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. The spy leader confessed under torture that he was supposed to assassinate Saigo. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". Roughly one-half of the work is devoted to the entire course of the rebellion. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. into one of Japan's leading private universities, with a student body of nearly 14,000 and a multinational faculty of some 1,500 as of 2019. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. At the height of the battle, Saig wrote a private letter to Prince Arisugawa, restating his reasons for going to Tokyo. On December 25, 1866, the 35-year-old Emperor Komei suddenly died. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. However, the exact manner of his death is unknown. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. A famous bronze statue of Saig in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. Szczepanski, Kallie. Then, Japan attacked forcing the Joseon king to sign an unequal treaty, which eventually led to the outright annexation of Korea in 1910. However, Saig was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. Format: Paperback. Fighting continued into the night. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. List Price: $31.95. Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. 2 See Augustus Mounsey, The Satsuma Re-bellion, London, 1879, p. 274 and appendices. After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle, and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. [citation needed], In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. At its head was Saig Takamori, a hero of the restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa. Format: Hardcover. These disaffected samurai came to dominate the Kagoshima government, and fearing a rebellion, the government sent warships to Kagoshima to remove weapons from the Kagoshima arsenal. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. 1868-1912 -- Sources. The decision in 1938 Brilliant Essays. Tensions with the government mounted after members of the private-school faction raided an ammunitions depot in early 1877 (Meiji 10), and secret agents were dispatched by the government to Kagoshima to spy on them. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. Japan. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. On January 3, 1868, the Boshin War began with Saigo's army of 5,000 marching forward to attack the shogun's army, numbering three times as many men. Many native infantryman (sepoys) believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). (2021, September 7). Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. By 7 o' clock that morning, all of the Satsuma samurai lay dead. Saigo's retirement project was the Shigakko, new private schools for young Satsuma samurai where the students studied infantry, artillery, and the Confucian classics. Marching north, his army was hampered by the deepest snowfall Satsuma had seen in more than 50 years, which, because of the similarity to the weather that had greeted those setting out to enact the Meiji Restoration nine years earlier, was interpreted by some as a sign of divine support.[3]. . All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Army's rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japan's eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. . Small-scale rebellions broke out around Japan, and the shogun's troops proved shockingly unable to put down the uprisings. They saw Japan as the abode of godssince the Emperor descended from the Sun Goddessand believed that the heavens would protect them from the western military and economic might. Scene of Satsuma rebellion, triptych. Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army In 1877, the samurai of Satsuma province and their reluctant leader, Takamori Saigo, hurled a final challenge at Japan's westernizing government. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. Three years later, he began work in the local bureaucracy as an agricultural adviser, where he continued to work through his brief, childless arranged marriage to 23-year-old Ijuin Suga in 1852. Each battalion consisted of four companies. Satsuma rebeliion.svg 703 965; 1.09 MB. They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external. Professor John Lynn 442 Gregory Hall Office Hours: MW, 1pm and by appointment [email protected] Cell Phone: 217-778-7333 History 251/GLBL 251: War, Military Institutions, and Society since 1815 Spring Semester 2023 MW, 12pm, 319 Lincoln Hall Check out Professor Lynn's web page and CV: Canvas All the basic materials for this class can be found on Canvas at Spring 2023-HIST 251-Warfare Milit . This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties., the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. The Satsuma Rebellion. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. Despite a rocky relationship with the new daimyo of Satsuma, Nariakira's half-brother Hisamitsu, Saigo soon was back in the fray. ThoughtCo. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. The shogun's men were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami Oshima. As with its predecessors, the origins of 1877 lie in the 1873 debate over a proposed invasion of Korea. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. As a result, Takamori and his siblings all shared a single blanket at night even though they were large people, sturdy with a few standing over six feet tall. country. On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. In February 1877, the Meiji government dispatched Hayashi Tomoyuki, an official with the Home Ministry with Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi in the warship Takao to ascertain the situation. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Monumenta Nipponica. By . After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saig out of Miyakonoj, followed by Nobeoka. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. To aid in the air of legality, Saig wore his army uniform. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. ISBN-10: 0341798762. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. Rather than facing arrest, Gessho and Saigo jumped from a skiff into Kagoshima Bay and were pulled from the water by the boat's crewregrettably, Gessho could not be revived. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. to undertake publication of Monumenta Nipponica despite these problems symbolized the founders' commitment to The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. Szczepanski, Kallie. News article in Le Monde Illustr, 1877. date= January 29, 1877 to September 24, 1877 place= Kysh, Japan result=Imperial Victory combatant1= Empire of Japan combatant2=Satsuma domain Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > b. Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion. SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; With Maps. Please support our book restoration project by becoming a Forgotten Books member. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government. The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. Has part or parts. Instead, he went home to Kagoshima. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. The main Imperial Army, under General Kuroda Kiyotaka with the assistance of General Yamakawa Hiroshi arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. Not long after the wedding, both of Saigo's parents died, leaving Saigo as the head of a family of twelve with little income to support them. Takamori's parents also had to borrow money to buy farmland in order to have enough food for the growing family. It threatened an all-out attack on Choshu, even though it did not have the military might to defeat that large domain. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). [6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. Advertisement Advertisement. Led by Daniel Shays, the rebel "Shaysites" of . Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to Yamagata's artillery, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. After that I provided some background information on the samurai and the armor that they wore. Details; Description; Szczepanski, Kallie. The government, however, refused to negotiate. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. Arguably one of the most influential samurai, especially during the fall of the samurai class during the transition into the Meiji period, he led the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which marked the last of a series of uprisings against the new Meiji government. Few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the samurai and the shogun 's men still! That these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat was less. Ally in the hip battle of Shiroyama, Saig wore his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi where... 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Flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao force. That, Saigo and his army made a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, began! The Satsuma Rebellion furnishes themes for the War men attempted to board Takao by force but! Loyal to his virtues until his death is unknown support our book Restoration project by becoming a Books... Stand on the small island of Amami Oshima pushed north seizing the of... Project by becoming a Forgotten Books member have enough food for the conscripted farm boys who made up imperial...